Next month, world leaders will come together at the United Nations to adopt a set of Sustainable Development Goals for the post-2015 era. One of the targets under this framework may well be to double agricultural productivity and incomes for small-scale farmers by 2030.
This is hugely important for Tanzania. It’s a country blessed with fertile land, livestock and marine resources. And 70% of Tanzanians earn their livelihoods from agriculture.
So I decided to spend the last month learning as much as I can about the sector.
A health warning: I haven’t had an epiphany. So I’m afraid I don’t have the simple five point plan to sort agriculture. If only. Instead, given how important agriculture is for many developing countries, I wanted to use my first official DFID blog to share the journey I have been on.
I started the month with three thoughts:
First, how hard can it be? I remember planting seeds in yoghurt pots at primary school and, a few days, later out popped some watercress. Simple.
Second, I thought Tanzania was ahead of the curve. In 2009 the Tanzanian Government embarked on ‘Kilimo Kwanza’ – an ambitious plan to boost the agriculture sector.
And third, while I knew we were doing good work to get behind this, I didn’t really understand the big picture.
What did I learn?
Agriculture is a science as much as a tradition. There are seeds that can do amazing things. Fertilisers that are fine tuned to the soils as well as the crops. Farming techniques that retain more moisture in the soil (important for semi-arid areas). Things like this can transform yields and incomes. But I was told that 80% of farmers probably don’t use any of it.
So now the big question: why?
Of course, there are issues with awareness, capacity and availability of these technologies. And there are countless development projects working on this. But to my mind, that’s the easy part.
The harder bit, and the thing we need to talk more about, is the mix of economics, politics, power and culture.
Let’s start with the economics. Farmers operate in a world of tremendous uncertainty. What will the world price of the crop be when it comes to harvest time? Will government policy be the same next season? Will the rains come this year? What is the cost benefit of investing in seeds and fertilisers? And, related but hardest of all, will someone buy the crop at a decent price? I have a degree in economics, but this is akin to applied quantum game theory.
Then the politics. The agriculture sector in Tanzania is rife with vested interests and people who benefit from the status quo. Whether that be selling sub-standard seeds, importing poor quality rice or playing politics with rural votes, there are deals done behind closed doors that deny opportunity to farmers.
Related to both the economics and the politics, is the power imbalance between farmers and buyers. It’s the latter who hold the upper hand in negotiations over price and quality. This isn’t a problem unique to Tanzania. Just look at how our Dairy farmers are protesting against the price they are getting for milk. In developing countries, initiatives like “Fairtrade” and farmers’ groupings can help. But there is no simple solution here. As I saw for myself, we need to be ever conscious of the relationship between poor farmers and those they are selling to.
You may say that surely the government can help to address these issues. Yes. It can and in many cases does a terrific job. For example, under the Big Results Now initiative the Tanzanian government is catalysing collective warehouse schemes to increase the bargaining power of smallholder farmers through bulk sales. But agriculture also suffers many of the same constraints as other sectors. Take red-tape for example. If you want to export horticulture products you need a certificate from the Tanzanian Atomic Energy Council confirming that the consignment is free from radiation!
Lastly, culture. Many of these communities have been doing things the same way for generations. They rightly trust what they know and not the mzungu who turn up for a few days with their fancy ways. Rural communities the world over have a deep respect for tradition. Change, when it comes, usually comes from within and takes time.
So as I come to the end of this month, what are my parting thoughts?
First, I was wrong. Agriculture isn’t simple and Tanzania still has a long way to go. People like me, who in some small way want to support that effort, need to get much better at understanding the complexity and long-term nature of agricultural change. This month was the beginning, not the end of that journey for me.
Second, I have a huge, new-found respect for farmers. They are literally at the mercy of forces beyond their control: the weather, a new pest that could wipe out their crop, a ruthless buyer or world prices that could collapse overnight. But every morning they wake up early and labour all day to tend their crop. Awesome.
And finally, a humble observation, from an admirer of Tanzania to whoever wins the Presidential election here in October: putting agriculture at the top of the in-tray will truly change lives.
9 comments
Comment by Robert Petts posted on
Access for agricultural inputs and marketing produce is hampered by poor rural roads; mostly earth and gravel surface. Their generally poor condition or seasonal severance raises transport costs, and crop losses, and discourages farmers. A solution is at hand by utilising agricultural tractor technology, not only for the agricultural sector, but for rehabilitating and maintaining rural roads at a fraction of the costs of the commonly used heavy civil engineering equipment methods. These intermediate technology techniques are proven. This cross-sector synergy could substantially lower tractor ownership and operating costs for the farming community and assure lower cost transportation of goods and produce. If you would like to discuss, contact Rob Petts on rob@intech-consult.demon.co.uk
Comment by Vel Gnanendran posted on
Thanks Robert. Completely agree with you on rural roads. We're doing some interesting work with the Tanzanian government to try and address this. Check out our Improving Rural Access in Tanzania programme (http://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/projects/GB-1-203596/)
Comment by Mike Hollis posted on
Nice piece, Vel, keep it up.
Comment by asif posted on
you're still the smartest man i know vel. well done.
Comment by A Dodwell posted on
Are you aware of a recent report that shows the disastrous impact on smallholder farmers of DFID investments (in partnership with Agrica via the New Alliance) in the Kilombero region? http://www.globaljustice.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/resources/irresponsible_investment.pdf
It documents stories of debt, displacement and lost access to resources.
Before pursuing development strategies which continue to give large agribusiness a leading role, DFID needs to listen to small-scale farmer organisation who insist that they need a different model. In Morogoro, for example, Sustainable Agriculture Tanzania trains local farmers in innovative agroecological techniques which allow them to produce food for themselves and their communities without the need of expensive agrichemicals. Farmers not only learn new skills but empower themselves, giving them the self-reliance to become strong actors in their own food system.
Comment by Vel Gnanendran posted on
Thanks. Yes, I have seen the report and the initiative you mention sounds interesting. My own view is that the challenges and opportunities in agriculture are so vast that we need a range of approaches. And as you say, they all need to consider how they support smallholder farmers.
Comment by Francis Kessy posted on
Two weeks ago, the President officially opened Tanzania Agricultural Development Bank (TADB) with a capital of TSH.60 Billion aiming to reach a capital of TSH.800 Billion in eight years. Though i have not been in the sector for quite long but what i have noticed is, there is so much politics in agriculture and corruption in the Banking Sector. If this Bank will not follow what other Banks are doing, Agriculture will progress in the Country. As a recent graduate i see so many opportunities in the sector but these opportunities have been monopolized by few wealthy people with political influence. As you mentioned this year's election can be a turning point for the nation. Come October 2015!
Comment by Vel Gnanendran posted on
Thanks Francis. I've been surprised at how many vested interests there are in the agricultural sector and how these stifle progress. Lots of farmers have also told me that accessing finance is a major challenge for them. So I'm with you in hoping this gets sorted. And it must be possible because there are 'green shoots' of progress that Tanzania's leaders (today and tomorrow) can build on, e.g. the work of the Tanzania Horticultural Association.
Comment by Vivek Misra posted on
Very humbling. An innovative agricultural extension initiative (Digital Green) that uses a digital platform to engage with community could hold much relevance for Tanzania and elsewhere. More info at http://www.digitalgreen.org/